The World Of Aviation

KUALA LUMPUR, -- Malaysia Airlines (MAS) has removed the fuel surcharge for its Singapore and Brunei flights effective Jan 30.

In addition, by Feb 1, the fuel surcharge on flights from China would be reduced by up to US$100.Flights from Australia and New Zealand will see a reduction of up to US$210 while those from the Middle East will have a drop of up to US$150, MAS said in a statement today.

Africa and North American flights will also see a reduction of up to US$160 and US$185 respectively, it announced.

The national carrier has slashed fuel surcharges on international flights by as much as 73 percent after taking into account the decline in fuel prices, competitive pressures and the need to boost air travel during this period of economic slowdown.

Its commercial director Datuk Rashid Khan said MAS had always offered competitive fares benchmarked on a route by route basis.

"Our stand is that the total amount the customer pays must be competitive, whether it's the fares alone or fares in combination with the fuel surcharge. What's important is the total sum of the parts," he said.

Oil prices have fallen by almost three-quarters since hitting a record high of US$147 in July 2008, MAS highlighted.

Despite this, MAS' fuel cost was still higher compared to when the surcharge was first introduced in 2004, it said.

"Fuel remains our biggest cost and our bill for FY2008 will be higher than FY2007 as the fuel surcharge only covers about 30% of the fuel cost," said Rashid.

MAS reduced the fuel surcharge for domestic travel within Malaysia on Jan 14 It had earlier reduced the fuel surcharge for travel from Malaysia to Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Paris, Germany and from other points of sales for various destinations.

Centuries ago in 100 A.D., Hero, a Greek philosopher and mathematician, demonstrated jet power in a machine called an "aeolipile." A heated, water filled steel ball with nozzles spun as steam escaped.



Over the course of the past half a century, jet-powered flight has vastly changed the way we all live. However, the basic principle of jet propulsion is neither new nor complicated.

Centuries ago in 100 A.D., Hero, a Greek philosopher and mathematician, demonstrated jet power in a machine called an "aeolipile." A heated, water filled steel ball with nozzles spun as steam escaped. Why? The principle behind this phenomenon was not fully understood until 1690 A.D. when Sir Isaac Newton in England formulated the principle of Hero's jet propulsion "aeolipile" in scientific terms. His Third Law of Motion stated: "Every action produces a reaction ... equal in force and opposite in direction."

The jet engine of today operates according to this same basic principle. Jet engines contain three common components: the compressor, the combustor, and the turbine. To this basic engine, other components may be added, including:

• A nozzle to recover and direct the gas energy and possibly divert the thrust for vertical takeoff and landing as well as changing direction of aircraft flight.

• An afterburneror augmentor, a long "tailpipe" behind the turbine into which additional fuel is sprayed and burned to provide additional thrust.

• A thrust reverser, which blocks the gas rushing toward the rear of the engine, thus forcing the gases forward to provide additional braking of aircraft.

• A fan in front of the compressor to increase thrust and reduce fuel consumption.

• An additional turbine that can be utilized to drive a propeller or helicopter rotor.

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A ramjet has no moving parts and achieves compression of intake air by the forward speed of the air vehicle. Air entering the intake of a supersonic aircraft is slowed by aerodynamic diffusion created by the inlet and diffuser to velocities comparable to those in a turbojet augmentor. The expansion of hot gases after fuel injection and combustion accelerates the exhaust air to a velocity higher than that at the inlet and creates positive push.



Scramjet is an acronym for Supersonic Combustion Ramjet. The scramjet differs from the ramjet in that combustion takes place at supersonic air velocities through the engine. It is mechanically simple, but vastly more complex aerodynamically than a jet engine. Hydrogen is normally the fuel used.

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KLIA CELEBRATES CHINESE NEW YEAR WITH PERFORMANCE BY 3 TIMES WORLD CHAMPION LION DANCE

Other highlights include top Dragon Dance Troupe, God of Prosperity and Acrobatic Performances




SEPANG, January 14, 2009 – Chinese New Year at the KL International Airport (KLIA), this time around is assured to be a celebration that will leave many passengers and visitors in awe with a special performance by the three times world champion Khuan Loke Lion Dance troupe.

Joining the Lion Dance for a special performance on 29 January 2009, is the 2007 Winner of the Top 10 Malaysia Dragon Dance team. Together, they have promised a spectacular performance befitting the airport’s international image.

This sensory feast of sights and sounds of lion and dragon dance is heightened with acrobatic performances and appearance of the KLIA Shopping God of Prosperity. KLIA has geared up for the lunar new year with decorations of red lanterns, filling the entire airport with festive propitious colour.

In the run up to the first day of the Year of the Earth Ox, the rhythmic beats of the drums and clanging of cymbals that accompany the traditional Lion Dance will be heard throughout the airport at 6pm – 8pm on 20, 22 and 24 January 2009.

The Khuan Loke Lion Dance troupe will be showcasing two Northern lions, which feature distinctive shaggy coat of hair. A significant element of Chinese culture, these two lions will symbolically usher in all good things - health, happiness, longevity and prosperity. The Lion and Dragon Dance will be conducting a walkthrough in the airport on the days of their performance.

Amplifying this mood of celebration at KLIA are agile acrobats who will be displaying precision in special performances alongside the Dragon Dance on the peak performance day.

Meanwhile the God of Prosperity is expected to make special visits to KLIA and LCCT-KLIA to hand out “fortune” during the appearance days. The KLIA God of Prosperity will be roaming the airport for 4 hours at 6pm – 10pm from 23 – 25 January and 29 - 31 January 2009 to surprise travellers and visitors at random with exclusive KLIA Shopping ang pow packets filled with shopping vouchers, oranges and fortune cookies on behalf of KLIA Shopping. The shopping vouchers can be instantly redeemed at any of the retail outlets in KLIA or LCCT-KLIA, giving further instant reward and adding more value to shopping at the Gateway to the Nation.

There will also be a team of strollers at hand to entertain passengers and visitors with popular Chinese New Year wishes and messages as they shop throughout the period of 19 January to 2 February 2009.

All in all, KLIA is a hive of activities this festive season as it continuously drums up the shopping atmosphere following the launch of the second phase of its Shopping Campaign in early December.

But, it is not just audio and visual sensory that await passengers and visitors of KLIA this season. This Chinese New Year, the atmosphere of prosperity and good luck can certainly be experienced in the ongoing KLIA Shopping’s “The Magic Continues…” Campaign. The second phase of the three-part-contest-within-an-Ultimate contest will reward a lucky shopper with a Bumper Prize of RM 40,000 worth of travel package to any destination of their choice.

Shoppers can also vie for other prizes through “The KLIA Magic Continues…” Campaign including an exclusive travel package worth RM 10,000 and a trip to anywhere in the world worth RM 15,000. Divided into three different tiers of qualification and prizes, “The Magic Continues…” is open to shoppers who spend as little as RM150 at KLIA and LCCT-KLIA.

At the end of the entire shopping campaign, one lucky shopper will truly be struck by the luck of the Ox when he/she is rewarded for shopping at KLIA or LCCT-KLIA with the Ultimate Grand Prize of a brand new, luxury car - the RM 420,000 Lexus GS300.

Official sponsors of the KLIA shopping campaign are Lexus and MasterCard. Every shopper who used their MasterCard for purchases automatically doubles their chances to win the many lucrative prizes offered throughout the shopping campaign.

A total of RM 2.7 million worth of prizes await shoppers in this KLIA Shopping Campaign. The prizes include Grand Prizes of RM 520,000 cash, RM 280,000 worth of travel packages and a host of other monthly and weekly prizes. Shoppers are also rewarded with instant gifts during the campaign.

For more information, visit our redemption booths at KLIA and LCCT-KLIA or log on to shopping.klia.com.my.

Come on down to KLIA this Chinese New Year and be enthralled with the activities in store.

WHEN	WHAT	WHERE
19 January to 2 February 2009 [6pm – 10pm]	Chinese New Year Strollers	· Main Terminal Building · Satellite Building · Contact Pier
20 January 2009 [6pm to 8pm] 22 January 2009 [6pm to 8pm] 24 January 2009 [6pm to 8pm]	Lion Dance	· Main Terminal Building · Satellite Building · Contact Pier
29 January 2009 [6pm to 8pm]	Dragon Dance	· Main Terminal Building [Main Stage Area]
23 – 25 January 2009 [6pm – 10pm] 29 – 31 January 2009 [6pm – 10pm]	God of Prosperity Appearance	· Main Terminal Building · Satellite Building · Contact Pier · LCCT-KLIA
29 January 2009 [6pm to 8pm] 31 January 2009 [6pm to 8pm]	Acrobatic Performance	· Main Terminal Building [Main Stage Area]

About Malaysia Airports

Malaysia Airports operates and manages 39 airports in Malaysia: 5 international, 16 domestic and 18 Short Take-Off and Landing Ports (STOL Ports). It also has operations in Kazakhstan, India and Turkey. On November 30 1999, Malaysia Airports became the first airport company to be listed in Asia. KL International Airport (KLIA), its flagship airport was thrice voted as the World's Best Airport (15-25 million passengers per annum) in the 2005 AETRA awards, 2006 ACI-ASQ awards and 2007 ACI-ASQ awards while the Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT-KLIA) was named CAPA Low Cost Airport of the Year at the CAPA Aviation Awards for Excellence 2006. KLIA was also voted 2nd Best Airport Worldwide and in the Asia Pacific categories for 2007 ACI-ASQ awards. Malaysia Airports has also been entrusted to host the 2008 World Route Development Forum (ROUTES), the first airport operator in Asia to be given the honour of hosting the world-class airport-airlines event.

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Corporate Communication Division, Malaysia Airports

For further information, kindly contact:-

Faisally Ahmad Rusdy at 03 78407184 / 012-6846575 or email:faisally@malaysiaairports.com.my

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You might be wondering what an expensive Gulfstream IV looks like on the inside. Here is a 1990 Gulfstream IV that is actually listed for sale in an aircraft classifieds ads web site. This airplane is absolutely beautiful. When you think of a vehicle being almost 20 years old, you don’t really consider that to be too valuable. With airplanes, it seems to be different. This particular Gulfstream IV is selling for just under $17 Million dollars. I absolutely enjoy checking out the luxury aircraft interiors of expensive airplanes.

They say that pictures tell a thousand words, check out this photo of the beautiful interior of this 1990 Gulfstream IV.

So what makes this Gulfstream so special? Perhaps, it is the 13 passenger configuration that is equipped with some very modern and luxorious items such as two lavatories, single bed and gallery, microwave oven, beige leather seating, satin nickel metal, beige print fabric, maple wood with high gloss finish and tan wool carpeting. Sounds all nice doesn’t it?

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Various composite materials are used in structures such as the Boeing 777 because of their strength, and weight savings. Composites also offer resistance to fatigue, corrosion and impact damage.




Composites are different from metals. They are combinations of materials differing in composition or form. The constituents retain their identities in the composites and do not dissolve or otherwise merge completely into each other although they act together. Reinforced concrete is an excellent example of a composite structure in which the concrete and steel still retain their identities. The steel bars carry the tension loads and the concrete carries the compression loads. In aircraft construction the term composite structures refers to fabric resin combinations in which the fabric is embedded in the resin but still retains its identity.

Advanced composite materials consist of new high strength fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix. These composites provide for major weight savings in airplane structures since they have high strength to weight ratios. When replacing aluminum structure with graphite/epoxy composite weight reductions of 20% or better are possible. Weight reduction is the greatest advantage of composite material and is one of the key items in decisions regarding its selection. other advantages over conventional structure include its high corrosion resistance and its resistance to damage from cyclic loading (fatigue).

The major disadvantage of using advanced composite materials in airplane construction is the relatively high cost of the materials.

Composite Hybrids: Hybrids are made by the addition of some complementary material such as fiberglass or kevlar to the basic carbon fiber/epoxy matrix. The added materials are used to obtain specific material characteristics such as greater fracture toughness and impact resistance, and should be considered for areas subject to foreign object damage. The addition of carbon / epoxy to fiberglass structure is used to provide additional stiffness.




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Master-and-articulating-rod Assembly


The master-and-articulating-rod assembly is used on X-type engines, radial-type engines, and on some V-type engines. The master rod is similar to any other connecting rod except that it is constructed to provide for the attachment of the articulated rods on the big end.

The articulated rods are fastened by knuckle pins to a flange around the master rod. Each articulated connecting rod has a bushing of nonferrous metal, usually bronze, pressed or shrunk into place to serve as a knuckle-pin bearing. The knuckle pins may be held tightly in the master-rod holes by press fit and lock plates or they may be of the full-floating type.

If the big end of the master rod is made of two pieces, the cap and the rod, the crankshaft is made of one solid piece. on the other hand, if the rod is made of one piece, then the crankshaft may be of either two-piece or three-piece construction. Regardless of the type of construction, the usual bearing surfaces must be supplied.

It should be understood that the type of connecting rod used in an engine depends largely on the cylinder arrangement. If the cylinders are arranged in a line parallel to the crankshaft, the connecting rod is similar to that used in most automobile engines. However, certain types of aircraft engines have a system of connecting rods connected to the same crankshaft bearing, called an articulating connecting-rod assembly. The main rod or master rod joins one of the pistons with the crankshaft, and the other rods, called articulating rods or link rods, connect the other pistons to this same master connecting rod.

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The East Zone is launched... (from left to right) Dato' Azmi Murad, Dato' Seri Bashir Ahmad, Pn. Fai' zah Khairuddin and Tn. Hj. Umar Bustamam

KLIA UNVEILS A NEWLY TRANSFORMED SHOPPING EXPERIENCE

Second Phase of KLIA Shopping Campaign Launched to Continue Rewarding Shoppers at the Airport

SEPANG, 9 December 2008 – Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad (Malaysia Airports) earlier today unveiled the completed first phase of the KL International Airport (KLIA) Satellite Retail Optimisation Project (SROP). The 14-month SROP, which began on May 18, 2008 is set to transform the shopping experience at the Satellite Building and is undertaken in a phase-by-phase approach to minimize disruption to the airport operations. The launch of the new East Zone also signaled the start of the second phase of the ongoing KLIA Shopping Campaign, which offers up a total of RM 2.7 million worth of prizes to shoppers at KLIA and LCCT-KLIA.

Malaysia Airports Managing Director Dato’ Seri Bashir Ahmad said, “The launch today not only marks the completion of the fist phase of the SROP on the targeted time but also the continuance of the KLIA Shopping Campaign which started in August this year. As KLIA improves and gets better for passengers, we are also rewarding travellers who shop at the airport. Combined, the KLIA Shopping Campaign and SROP are aimed at rewarding shoppers while providing them with competitive retail experience that surpasses other airports in terms of variety and price.”

The transformation of East Zone that started in May 2008 was completed as scheduled on October 17, 2008. Works at the East Zone, which took 5 months to complete gave this wing a new definitive look that is more contemporary.

The newly transformed East Zone also marks the birth and presence of new outlets at the Satellite Building namely Choc Shop International, Dome, Eraman Malaysia, Harrods, Handicraft outlet - Made in Malaysia, L’Occitane, My Gadgets electronic store, Sports and Luggage, Pusrawi Medicare, RHB Bureau de Change and Tie Rack.

In conjunction with the unveiling of the new East Zone, the KLIA Shopping Campaign also featured a special opening promotion designed to make shopping more exciting at the new East Zone. Emphasising the attractive pricing of items at KLIA, the ‘Guess the Price’ game is open to shoppers who spend just RM150 (USD 45) and above at the East Zone outlets. ‘Guess the Price’ requires shoppers to guess the cumulative price of the items displayed at the booth, all of which are available at the East Zone. All participants of the game will walk away with a token and if guessed correctly, shoppers stand a chance to win up to RM500 (USD140) worth of shopping voucher to do a little bit more shopping at KLIA. The ‘Guess the Price’ game will be available for a limited time, until the end of December in accordance with this season of giving and shopping for gifts.

”Shoppers at KLIA will be also pleased to know that this second phase of the KLIA Shopping Campaign will overall reward shoppers with even more prizes. This time round, shoppers who spend just RM150 (USD 45) and above are automatically entitled to vie for lucrative prizes which include a top seasonal Bumper Prize of RM40,000 worth of travel package to any destination of their choice,” said Dato’ Seri Bashir.

“With the special promotions and especially the increase in the variety of offerings, shoppers at KLIA will have a more exciting and enriched shopping experience at KLIA. Further strengthened by our KLIA Shopping Campaign, shoppers at KLIA will be rewarded and stand to win a myriad of exciting prizes just for shopping here. Also, with our Low Price Guaranteed programme, shoppers will find that shopping at KLIA is comparable if not better than shopping downtown,” Dato’ Seri Bashir added.

The second shopping contest under the KLIA Shopping Campaign offers up for grabs RM 500,000 worth of prizes to lucky winners including travel packages worth up to a total of RM 250,000 and more. Ultimately, shoppers may drive away with a brand new luxury car. Besides the main prizes, shoppers are rewarded with instant gratification for their support and participation in the campaign.

The KLIA Shopping Campaign is divided into three shopping contests, each with its luring Grand Prizes, weekly prizes and instant gifts. Participants in any of the three contests also stand a chance to drive home the ultimate Grand Prize of an award winning, brand new RM 420,000 Lexus GS300.

In total, there are RM 2.7 million worth of prizes to be won through the KLIA Shopping Campaign. Among the Grand Prizes are RM 520,000 cash, RM 280,000 worth of travel packages to exciting places around the globe and a host of other prizes to reward shoppers who just spend a minimum amount of RM150 at KLIA or LCCT-KLIA.

Official sponsors of the KLIA Shopping Campaign 2008/2009 are MasterCard International and Lexus. MasterCard holders who make purchases with their card in KLIA stand to double their winning chances at the KLIA Shopping Campaign.

To find out more about the shopping contest, log on to shopping.klia.com.my or visit our redemption booths at KLIA.

About Malaysia Airports

Malaysia Airports operates and manages 39 airports in Malaysia: 5 international, 16 domestic and 18 Short Take-Off and Landing Ports (STOL Ports). It also has operations in Kazakhstan, IndiaTurkey. On November 30 1999, Malaysia Airports became the first airport company to be listed in Asia. KL International Airport (KLIA), its flagship airport was thrice voted as the World's Best Airport (15-25 million passengers per annum) in the 2005 AETRA awards, 2006 ACI-ASQ awards and 2007 ACI-ASQ awards while the Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT-KLIA) was named CAPA Low Cost Airport of the Year at the CAPA Aviation Awards for Excellence 2006. KLIA was also voted 2^nd Best AirportAsia Pacific categories for 2007 ACI-ASQ awards. Malaysia Airports has also been entrusted to host the 2008 World Route Development Forum (ROUTES), the first airport operator in Asia to be given the honor of hosting the world-class airport-airlines event.

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The Intake or Admission Strok







During the intake or admission stroke, the piston moves downward as a charge of combustible fuel and air is admitted into the cylinder through the open intake valve. At the completion of this stroke the intake valve closes. This is event No. 1.



The Compression Stroke






During the compression stroke, the crankshaft continues to rotate, the piston is forced upward in the cylinder, and both intake and exhaust valves are closed. The movement of the piston upward compresses the fuel-air mixture. This is event No. 2.



Power or Expansion Stroke




As the piston approaches the top of its stroke within the cylinder, an electric spark jumps across the points of the spark plugs and ignites the compressed fuel-air mixture. This is the ignition event, or event No. 3. The intake and exhaust valves are closed.

Having been ignited, the fuel-air mixture burns. It expands as it burns and drives the piston downward. This causes the crankshaft to revolve. Since it is the only stroke and event that furnishes power to the crankshaft, it is usually called the power stroke, although it is sometimes called the expansion stroke for purposes of instruction. This is event No. 4. The intake and exhaust valves are closed.



The Exhaust or Scavenging Stroke




During the power or expansion stroke, the hot gases obtained by combustion exert tremendous pressure on the piston to force it to move downward, but near the end of the stroke this pressure is greatly reduced because of the expansion of the gases. At this stage, the exhaust valve opens as the crankshaft continues to revolve and the piston is again moved upward in the cylinder by the connecting rod. The burning gases remaining in the cylinder are forced out through the exhaust valve, hence this stroke is usually called the exhaust stroke, although it may be called the scavenging stroke for purposes of instruction. This is event No. 5. One engine cycle has been completed.



Summary of Events

To summarize the events, it is found that the charge of fuel and air was admitted into the cylinder during the intake stroke (event No. 1); the piston compressed the fuel-air mixture during the compression stroke (event No. 2); the electric spark ignited the compressed fuel-air mixture as the piston approached the top of its stroke within the cylinder (event No. 3); the fuel-air mixture burned and the expanding gases drove the piston downward during the power stroke (event No. 4); the burned gasses were forced out of the cylinder during the exhaust stroke (event No. 5)."

This five-event sequence of intake, compression, ignition, power, and exhaust, is a cycle which must take place in the order given if the engine is to operate at all, and it must be repeated over and over for the engine to continue operation.

None of the five events can be omitted, and each event must take place in the proper sequence. For example, if the gasoline supply is shut off, there can be no power event, but the mixture of gasoline and air must be admitted to the cylinder during the intake stroke. Likewise, if the ignition switch is turned off, there can be no power event, but the ignition must occur before the power stroke can take place.

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The angle of incidence is measured by the angle at which the wing is attached to the fuselage.




An airfoil is a device which gets a useful reaction from air moving over its surface. When an airfoil is moved through the air, it is capable of producing lift. Wings, horizontal tail surfaces, vertical tails surfaces, and propellers are all examples of airfoils.

Generally the wing of small aircraft will look like the cross-section of the figure above. The forward part of an airfoil is rounded and is called the leading edge. The aft part is narrow and tapered and is called the trailing edge. A reference line often used in discussing airfoils is the chord, an imaginary straight line joining the extremities of the leading and trailing edges.

Angle of Incidence: The angle of incidence is the angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the airplane and the chord of the wing. The longitudinal axis is an imaginary line that extends lengthwise through the fuselage from nose to tail. The angle of incidence is measured by the angle at which the wing is attached to the fuselage. The angle of incidence is fixed --it normally cannot be changed by the pilot. (An exception is the Vought F8U Crusader.)

Bernoulli's Principle: To understand how lift is produced, we must examine a phenomenon discovered many years ago by the scientist Bernoulli and later called Bernoulli's Principle: The pressure of a fluid (liquid or gas) decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases. In other words, Bernoulli found that within the same fluid, in this case air, high speed flow is associated with low pressure, and low speed flow with high pressure. This principle was first used to explain changes in the pressure of fluid flowing within a pipe whose cross-sectional area varied. In the wide section of the gradually narrowing pipe, the fluid moves at low speed, producing high pressure. As the pipe narrows it must contain the same amount of fluid. In this narrow section, the fluid moves at high speed, producing low pressure.

An important application of this phenomenon is made in giving lift to the wing of an airplane, an airfoil. The airfoil is designed to increase the velocity of the airflow above its surface, thereby decreasing pressure above the airfoil. Simultaneously, the impact of the air on the lower surface of the airfoil increases the pressure below. This combination of pressure decrease above and increase below produces lift.

Lift: Probably you have held your flattened hand out of the window of a moving automobile. As you inclined your hand to the wind, the force of air pushed against it forcing your hand to rise. The airfoil (in this case, your hand) was deflecting the wind which, in turn, created an equal and opposite dynamic pressure on the lower surface of the airfoil, forcing it up and back. The upward component of this force is lift; the backward component is drag.


Pressure is reduced is due to the smaller space the air has above the wing than below. Air cannot go through the wing, so it must push around it. The surface air molecules push between the wing and outer layers of air. Due to the bump of the airfoil, the space is smaller and the molecules must go faster. According to Bernoulli's Law, faster air has lower air pressure, and thus the high pressure beneath the wing pushes up to cause lift.



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